Reference and Citation Managers: Harvard Style

How citations are formatted in the main body of your work:

In-text citation

When not quoting directly, the format is author's last name, a comma, then the year of publication, in round brackets. (Lastname, year).

For two or three authors, the last names are used, with "and" separating them, along with the publication year. (Lastname1, Lastname2, and Lastname3, year). 

For four or more authors, the first author's last name is followed by "et al" in italics, and the publication year. (Lastname et al., year).

Quotation

For direct quotes, when you are using the exact words written by someone else, quotation marks are used, and you cite the page number(s). The page number or numbers are also used when paraphrasing a specific passage of text. "quoted text" (Lastname, year, page number). 

For a long quotation, three lines of text or more, no quotation marks are used but the text is indented (set further in than the rest of the work), with the citation in brackets directly after the quotation and including the page number(s). 

The reference list:

References

All the sources you have cited in your text are listed at the end, in alphabetical order by author's last name. Any authors or editors are listed, with their initial(s). If the author is a department or organisation, its title is placed alphabetically within the list.

If you are citing more than one publication by an author, the publications are listed chronologically. If there is more than one publication by the same author in the same year, assign a letter after the year to distinguish them (Lastname, I., 2025a, Lastname, I., 2025b). If no date is given, use the abbreviation n.d. (Lastname, I., n.d.).

For books or reports with an editor or editors, the abbreviation ed or eds is used. For edition, the edition number and abbreviation edn is used (e.g. 2nd edn). 

References accessed online should include either the DOI, or the URL with the date that the resource was accessed.